{
  "node_id": "us-31-usc-1341-antideficiency-act",
  "title": "31 USC § 1341 - Antideficiency Act (Limitations on Expending and Obligating Amounts)",
  "domain": "Public Sector & Government Procurement",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "last_updated": "2026-06-01",
  "bluf": "31 USC § 1341 (originally enacted in 1870 as the Antideficiency Act, with substantial amendments in the Public Works Appropriation Act of 1957 and recodified by Pub. L. 97-258 in 1982) prohibits federal officers and employees from incurring obligations or making expenditures in advance of, or in excess of, the available appropriation: subsection (a)(1)(A) prohibits making or authorizing an expenditure or obligation exceeding an amount available in an appropriation or fund; subsection (a)(1)(B) prohibits involving the Government in a contract or obligation for payment of money before an appropriation is made unless authorized by law; subsection (b) addresses apportionment restrictions preventing circumvention through use of other appropriated funds; violations are subject to administrative discipline up to removal from office under § 1349, and willful and knowing violations are criminal misdemeanors under § 1350 with penalties up to two years imprisonment and $5,000 fine; the Antideficiency Act is the foundational restriction on federal spending and shapes every federal procurement contract through the 'subject to availability of funds' clauses; OMB Circular A-11 Part 4 administers the apportionment process; GAO publishes Antideficiency Act violations annually as required by § 1351.",
  "paywall": {
    "status": "LOCKED",
    "unlock_cost_usd": "0.01",
    "skyfire_id": "41779894-ece2-4163-9761-b3b1b76e19b0"
  },
  "crosswalks": {
    "_available_keys": [
      "related_antideficiency_provisions",
      "apportionment_framework",
      "industry_mapping",
      "far_contract_clauses",
      "enforcement_anchors",
      "government_shutdown_implications"
    ],
    "_note": "Full crosswalk values included in vault response"
  },
  "dependencies": [
    "us-41-usc-3301-full-open-competition-federal-procurement",
    "us-10-usc-3201-dod-competition-requirements",
    "us-41-usc-4304-specific-costs-not-allowable"
  ],
  "primary_citations_count": 5
}